{
  "title": "Cost-to-Train Frontier Models",
  "description": "Training cost vs. capability over time, showing the efficiency paradox — why cost hasn't grown with FLOPs.",
  "fields": {
    "Year": "Year of training",
    "Model": "Model name",
    "Organization": "Organization",
    "Training_FLOPs": "Estimated training FLOPs",
    "Cost_Million_USD": "Estimated training cost in millions USD",
    "Dollar_per_FLOP": "Cost per FLOP (collapsing metric)",
    "Capability_Score": "Composite capability score (0-100)",
    "Efficiency_Gain": "Algorithmic + hardware efficiency multiplier",
    "Notes": "Additional context"
  },
  "sources": [
    {"name": "Epoch AI", "url": "https://epochai.org/", "accessed": "2026-04"},
    {"name": "NVIDIA GPU Pricing", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/", "accessed": "2026-04"}
  ],
  "created": "2026-04",
  "author": "mschwar"
}